Free Essays on Foreign Policy With North Korea

Foreign Affair ~ North Korea I.) Peace talks failing Economist 11/1/02 â€Å"Presented with the evidence of their uranium enrichment, a key material needed in the development of nuclear weapons, North Korean officials reportedly told Americans that they considered the 1994 nuclear peace deal â€Å"nullified† and have adamantly refused to discuss any form of a nuclear treaty with the United States.† Analysis: This indicates to us that North Korea has no desire to promote de-escalation of nuclear arms in the international arena and refuse to have any negotiation talks with the U.S. As a result we must apply militaristic force on this nation as all economic, political, and diplomatic tools have been exhausted. II.) Corrupt government will not be reformed with out direct involvement from the Economist 11/1/02 Economist 11/1/02 a.) â€Å"In an ironic twist South Korea and China actually support U.S. military strikes on North Korea to prevent further U.S. involvement. For if this communistic government does not see reform in the near future it would lead to political chaos and instability in North Korea, damaging stability in the region and promoting U.S. forces to move closer to the borders of these two countries.† Analysis: As we can see here Asian countries usually shy on U.S. involvement in their region are pressuring our nation to launch military strikes as they see a political collapse along with further U.S. involvement eminent if action is not take in the near future. b.) Jane’s Defense Weekly 10/16/02 â€Å"The fact is that the United States is simply not sending a clear message condemning North Korea for its failure to compromise with nuclear peace treaties. The U.S. still gives over 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil and 3.8 million in food aid a year to the Korean government and has not given any indication that it will ease up on the handouts after North Korea refused to recognize the nuclear peace treaty las... Free Essays on Foreign Policy With North Korea Free Essays on Foreign Policy With North Korea Foreign Affair ~ North Korea I.) Peace talks failing Economist 11/1/02 â€Å"Presented with the evidence of their uranium enrichment, a key material needed in the development of nuclear weapons, North Korean officials reportedly told Americans that they considered the 1994 nuclear peace deal â€Å"nullified† and have adamantly refused to discuss any form of a nuclear treaty with the United States.† Analysis: This indicates to us that North Korea has no desire to promote de-escalation of nuclear arms in the international arena and refuse to have any negotiation talks with the U.S. As a result we must apply militaristic force on this nation as all economic, political, and diplomatic tools have been exhausted. II.) Corrupt government will not be reformed with out direct involvement from the Economist 11/1/02 Economist 11/1/02 a.) â€Å"In an ironic twist South Korea and China actually support U.S. military strikes on North Korea to prevent further U.S. involvement. For if this communistic government does not see reform in the near future it would lead to political chaos and instability in North Korea, damaging stability in the region and promoting U.S. forces to move closer to the borders of these two countries.† Analysis: As we can see here Asian countries usually shy on U.S. involvement in their region are pressuring our nation to launch military strikes as they see a political collapse along with further U.S. involvement eminent if action is not take in the near future. b.) Jane’s Defense Weekly 10/16/02 â€Å"The fact is that the United States is simply not sending a clear message condemning North Korea for its failure to compromise with nuclear peace treaties. The U.S. still gives over 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil and 3.8 million in food aid a year to the Korean government and has not given any indication that it will ease up on the handouts after North Korea refused to recognize the nuclear peace treaty las...

Integrated Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example This piece of research paper reviews a brief literature on Integrated Marketing Communication and presents a strategic integrated marketing communication plan for Bodyfit Studio, which is a local gym and health-fitness centre in London. This paper addresses the relevance of IMC in today’s business and analyzes various steps involved in implementing the IMC plan. Integrated Marketing Communication Lamb, hair and McDaniel (2008, P. 413) described that IMC is an effective management program that coordinates and integrates among various promotional tools like advertising, sales promotion, public relation, personal selling, event marketing and interactive selling etc in order to ensure consistency in the messages to be communicated to the customers. As Schultz and Schultz (2004, p. 3) noticed, IMC enables a business accelerate its returns on investment mainly by linking its organizational goals and communication programs. As shown in the diagram, IMC is closely related to the promo tion mix elements of the 4Ps of marketing, they are Product, Price, Promotion and Place. IMC has been found to be an effective marketing strategy that helped firms improve operational efficiency, maintain stronger market share, create brand image, maintain better relationship with customers and thus to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. Planning, designing and developing of brand communication program play vital roles in the success of IMC program. IMC is widely used as a marketing technique that designs and develops systematic and measurable brand communication program with stakeholders of a business including customers, employees, suppliers etc. (Belch and Belch 2007, p. 11). For any business, the brand, mission and vision statements and proposition messages are very critical elements and these are to be communicated to its customers. IMC ensures effective communication, keeping consistency in messages, of the relevant messages to the potential customers. Factors to be co nsidered in setting up an IMC plan Basically, IMC is a marketing program that involves planning, coordination, integration, and implementation of various types of advertising and promotional activities (Shimp, 2008, p. 10). The major factors and features to be considered for planning and designing the IMC for the Bodyfit Studio are: Starting with studying, analyzing and evaluating the requirements and attitudes of targeted customers, Design and develop brand communication program, Identify the appropriate tools that can be used for the task Consider to maintain consistency in messages, Emphasizing on relationship building rather than focusing on engaging in flings’ Maintaining long-term focus on the ultimate objectives (Shimp, 2008, p. 11- 18). IMC plan for Bodyfit Studio Bodyfit Studio, that offers gym, Yoga and body fitness classes and healthcare services, wishes to retain its customers and attract more through an effective communication program. Though there are competitio ns between Bodyfit and quite a few numbers of other gym-centers like Virgin Active, Squash Class in its surroundings. Below is an IMC plan for the Bodyfit company to communicate effectively to its customers with an intention of retaining them and attracting more as well. As Belch and Belch (2007, p. 24) stressed, an effective

To what extent does an understanding of the history and development of Essay

To what extent does an understanding of the history and development of business and the nature globalization help in our underst - Essay Example Notably, the founding of the history of business can be accredited to Wallace Don ham (Eibe, 2012). Business education originated since the Second World War and it can be accredited to the United States. Many of the business schools in the United States enrolled business history in their academic programs. Europe has been accredited for producing the first work on the company history. Additionally, in India, business education can be referred back in the 1960s where the Indian institute of management was among the first to implement business history in their curriculum. This study discusses the contributions of business history and emergence of globalization on the way of performing business in the current society. With that in mind, the implication of the understanding of business and globalization will be enlisted. ... In the same regard, understanding of business history helps managers to regain managerial and managerial techniques. As noted, the history of business has been in the limelight for quite a long time, however it is only until recently (late 1990s) that more effective work towards the value of business history was recognized. More importantly, an understanding of the business history helps in the development of the business and the economy especially in formulation of  strategies in the current rapid changing business environment. In 1996, a survey carried out by the management history division of the management Academy established, adoption of business history courses yielded a variety of benefits. Their research, formed as a basis for continued research in the contributions made by business history in today’s business. Indeed, the historical component of business on the following key points. History is an important aspect for understanding of the nature of human and his/her past endeavors, thus giving light on the present as well as future activities in a number of ways. A historical study expounds on the understanding of humanity and key lessons for human ambitions, aspirations as well as organizations. Additionally, history enhances communication skills and the ability to evaluate healthy skepticism and evidences to some opinions and propaganda (Know ells, 2008). It offers business studnts with an exerpt of development of a country economy and international economy, providing insights into the structure of industries as well as, evolution of business strategies (Gibson et al, 1999). Business history broadens business education through the focus on technology, business ethics, the corporate culture as well as government

Personal Conflict Essay Example for Free

Personal Conflict Essay It was on January 2006 when I first set my feet in USA, a day I will live to remember. I was eighteen years old then and had just graduated from high school. I was the best student in my previous school so I got a scholarship to further my studies. Since childhood ,I was fascinated by people especially their cultures, religions and other aspects of their lives but what really amazed me was the way they communicated and the different languages that they used. My life had revolved around one language that was Arabic and therefore when this chance came I was very excited and without second thoughts took the opportunity to study English as my second language. I chose English because it was an international language and I knew it would help me communicate with many people from different parts of the World. More so, it was to be of great assistance to me especially in my stay in the USA. When this day came, I was amidst mixtures of feelings. Even though I was very excited, terror and confusion took the better part of me. The thought of leaving my parents and my younger siblings really terrified me and all of a sudden, I felt lonely. Earlier on after waking up, prayers had been arranged for me and all people wished me a safe journey to America. I was escorted by my friends and family members to the airport where they bid me farewell. This was my first time to travel from my home country and the first to travel in an airplane. While in the plane many thoughts crossed my mind. I thought about the people I would meet and wondered how they would receive me. I also thought about the college I would be enrolled to and my classmates to be . I wondered if there were people from my home place, how many will they be and above all how I would communicate since I was not familiar with English by then. I was in this state when suddenly an air hostess brought me some snacks . Tasty as they looked, I never took a bite. What I could not understand about the air hostess was that she appeared composed and friendly and completely unaware of my predicament. She was young, energetic and cheerful and nothing seemed to trouble her. Contrary, I was deep in confusion and uncertainty . I lost my appetite something which seldom happens to me. In fact , I rarely choose food and anything edible is good to me provided it is not harmful . More so, being the first time to travel by plane I was really uncomfortable and the experience was horrifying. At one time a thought of the aeroplane crushing crossed my mind and it really got me scared. Sleep never crossed my eyes during the whole journey and it took exactly fourteen hours to reach my destination. I arrived at the JFK airport in New York at around 10 pm . The night was chilly and many people wore heavy clothing to keep their bodies warm . I had carried a light jacket which I wore to protect myself from the cold . The environment was new and everything about this place seemed new to me. I was really getting more and more confused and thought it was even better when I was in the plane. My light jacket did not seem to be of much help to me because the cold weather was getting the better of me. Though out of place, a thought crossed my mind. I wondered of how it used to be unusually hot at home and how I had adapted to that kind of climate. I wondered how long would it take for me to get used to this new environment. I do not know exactly how long I had been standing there but what I recall is that I found myself all alone, confused, scared and lost and attracting some policemen. I felt out of place and the way they were looking at me was scaring. Did they see me as a terrorist or something? I never got to answer that question because one of them came directly to where I was and asked whether I was Mr. Mohammed. Though at first I could not understand what he was driving at, the mention of my name made me realize he was out to find me. Upon receiving my answer, he took my passport and asked me to follow him. They took me to one isolated room where they begun interrogating me. Little did they know that I could not understand whatever they were talking about. From their faces I could tell they were suspicious of something. One police officer who was taller than the rest and had a pointed nose with glaring eyes called the others and got outside of the room. I heard them whispering but could not tell what they were discussing. I do not know exactly what transpired but the moment they came in I sensed danger. I was forced to take off my clothes which apart from being humiliating experience it really made me nervous. They might have thought that I had some atomic bomb with me. What made me extremely terrified was the way they were pointing guns at me. For a moment I thought I was going to die. Here I was, people back at home hoping the best for me but not having a clue of the deadly situation I was in at that particular time. The thought of my mum losing me, made me collapse and when I came back to my senses, I was bed ridded in a hospital. At the hospital I got acquinted to the nurse who was taking care of me . She was a very caring and pleasant lady. She did not like it when I told her (she understood me inspite the language barrier) how the policemen had treated me . She failed to understand how people sometimes could be so inhumane. It was from her that I learnt of how I ended up in an hospital and she also told me that our embassy had been contacted. All this she claimed was through the concerted effort of the management of the hospital . Through her kindness and assurance that all will be well, I was beginning to have hope that things would be better for me. I failed to understand how things could contradict themselves. It was simply not easy to relate the caring and treatment I received from the hospital with the ‘reception’ I received from the policemen. I had been at the hospital overnight and I got discharged at around 10 am in the morning. This happened when the Saudi Arabian embassy sent one of its agents to intervene . All was set right and I could not believe it when one policeman was sent to apologize on the behalf of the others and he even offered us a ride to a hotel. The ride was short but I did not fail to notice how the roads were smooth and carefully constructed. If it were home the journey would have taken a little bit longer because most of them need to be tarmacked and they are dusty. When I arrived at the hotel, I took a bathe, had lunch and then slept after 28 good hours of unrest. I woke up at around 10 pm and realized I was all alone, the agent from the Saudi Arabian embassy had promised to drop by the following morning to pick me up. He had informed me that he would take me to his house and where I would be staying for awhile while we sort matters out. I could not get sleep that night. All my thoughts directed to the kind of life I was to lead in the USA. Foremost, being an Arab and a Muslim I wondered where mosques could be found and whether I would learn to communicate in English. Also I thought about the encounter with the policemen and realized the matter had been made complex due to ineffective communications. All these and other thoughts ran across my mind through out the night. In spite uncertainty facing me, I kept on hoping believing and having faith that everything will turn out right for me and I would enjoy my stay in the USA and eventually make it my home. It has been three years now since I arrived in the USA. A lot of things have changed mostly with me trying to catch up with the American way of life. I have made new friends from different backgrounds and we assist each other in times of troubles. Even though I am different in my culture, religion and way of thinking, I get along with others through their support and understanding.

The Intrinsic Value of Relationships, and The Drastic Effects of Greed :: essays research papers fc

For so many people one of the hardest things in life is maintaining a strong and healthy relationship with another person, but it is especially difficult in a romantic relationship. For the most part, successful relationships are based on honesty, communication, trust, and most importantly compromise. When you are in a relationship that has a foundation based on those characteristics, it makes you feel connected with that person. On the opposite end of the spectrum, however, traits such as jealousy, greed, deceit and selfishness can lead to disastrous relationships that will only leave people hurt. Two classic books that we’ve read this semester are McTeague by Frank Norris, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Throughout both books, the reader can easily find an underlying theme of relationships if they look hard enough. In both novels it seems to be abundantly clear that the prominent relationship portrayed is a failed relationship. When analyzing the relationships between the people in the book, it becomes clear through the ways in which the characters interact with each other throughout the stories, that they are not actually relationships in the true essence of the word.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another recurring theme that is common in both books by Norris and Fitzgerald is the attribute of greed. In McTeague, the greed that is on display is one that is present throughout the novel. The first time we are introduced to it is when Marcus claims that Trina’s winning lottery ticket belongs to him, and it takes a tragic turn, ultimately leading to McTeague’s killing of Trina and Marcus, before dying himself from dehydration in the desert shortly thereafter. In The Great Gatsby, a type of greed that is on a similar level was quite obvious within the relationships of Tom and Daisy as well as Gatsby and Daisy. This theme of greed, hidden behind the different relationships we read about in both books, was a main source of their failures.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In McTeague, Norris first portrays Marcus as the closest friend that McTeague has. McTeague and Marcus meet each other â€Å"at the car conductors’ coffee –joint, where the two occupied the same table, and met at every meal† (Norris 10). One is naturally led to believe, based on their frequent meals together, and the close living proximity to one another, that the two were extremely close friends, conceivably even best friends.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on Norris’ description of Marcus as one of McTeague’s closest friends, probably his closest friend, we only have access to one side of the relationship, but no real indication of how Marcus’s feels towards McTeague.

Big city or small town Essay

Good afternoon everyone. Today I’d like to say something about big city and small town. It sounds charming to see stars at night, to plant fruits in the garden, or to picnic on the lawn, rural life distinguished itself in being closer to nature. But truth to be told, living close to nature also means that there will be plenty of animals and insects visiting your home and vegetation. Surely Fish is more inclined to enjoy itself in marine environment instead of being stuck in a small pond. So are humans. City born and city bred, the quiet life of country has never appealed to me and I fancy the adventurous and splendid life of city. To begin with, living in a big city can enjoy the best services and entertainment as well as more opportunities. In a megalopolis, the government and wealthy people have invested lots of capital and resources in providing people with fabulous facilities, services and infrastructure like big cinemas, theatres, stadiums, big shopping malls, the best me dical services, good education resources, uncountable restaurants, theme parks, museums, convenient transport systems, etc, resulting in more job opportunities and choices. These are all rarely found in small towns as most of them are located in suburbs where population density is low and transportation is poor, so it will be very boring and inconvenient to live in a small town. In addition, living in a metropolis can broaden your horizons. With a very dense population, big cities such as New York contain a diverse realm of ideas and innovations, as well as different high valued cultural activities and lifestyles. There are uncountable things to do, thousands of all sorts of unique or strange or interesting people to meet, and numerous places to visit every day, and much more opportunities to explore various cultures and knowledge. On the other hand, a small town has a strong homogeneity, in which all people in the town share similar ideas and attitudes, so what people in a small town can experience and learn is limited to the town: what you can know are only the ideas of your neighbors, who you can meet are only the people from the same town, where you can go are only the areas nearby! Only in the big city can people satisfy their curiosity of the outside world, their thirst for knowledge and their eagerness of gaining different  experiences. Last but not least, a big city is vibrant while a small town is comparatively boring. In small towns, people usually live a stable, slow and simple lifestyle, which consists of very little changes in everyday life. However, in a big city, citizens live and work at a fast pace. People in big cities can therefore enjoy a more exciting, glamorous and productive life. Although a hurrying lifestyle may cause great pressure to the people involved, the invigorating life it brings about is very attractive. Although some people may argue that small towns have less pollution and are close to nature. Life there seems delightful but it will absolutely be very dull for youngsters like us to repeat the same simple and relax living style day and night. I embrace challenges and new things more, so despite the concentrated pollution and distance from the natural world, I still fancy the life in a big city. All in all, the life of a city dweller is more adventurous and splendid, while the life in smal l towns is rather simple and plain. Hence, small towns may be a good choice for retired, but not energetic university students like us. Thank you very much!

Biography of Atahualpa, Last King of the Inca

Atahualpa was the last of the native lords of the mighty Inca Empire, which spanned parts of present-day Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Colombia. He had just defeated his brother Huascar in a violent civil war when Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro arrived in the Andes mountains. The unlucky Atahualpa was quickly captured by the Spanish and held for ransom. Although his ransom was paid, the Spanish killed him anyway, clearing the way for the plunder of the Andes. Fast Fact: Atahualpa Known For: Last indigenous king of the Incan EmpireAlso Known As:  Atahuallpa, Atawallpa, and Ata WallpaBorn: c. 1500 in CuzcoParents: Wayna Qhapaq; mother believed to be either Tocto Ocllo Coca,Paccha Duchicela, or Tà ºpac PallaDied: July 15, 1533 in CajamarcaNotable Quote: Your emperor may be a great prince; I do not doubt it, seeing that he has sent his subjects so far across the waters; and I am willing to treat him as a brother. As for your pope of whom you speak, he must be mad to speak of giving away countries that do not belong to him. As for my faith, I will not change it. Your own God, as you tell me, was put to death by the very men He created. But my God still looks down on His children. Early Life In the Incan Empire, the word â€Å"Inca† meant â€Å"king† and generally only referred to one man: the ruler of the Empire. Atahualpa was one of many sons of Inca Huayna Capac, an efficient and ambitious ruler. The Incas could only marry their sisters: no one else was deemed noble enough. They had many concubines, however, and their offspring (Atahualpa included) were considered eligible for rule. Rulership of the Inca did not necessarily pass to the eldest son first, as was the European tradition. Any one of Huayna Capac’s sons would be acceptable. Often, civil wars broke out between brothers for succession. Huayna Capac died in 1526 or 1527, possibly of a European infection such as smallpox. His heir apparent Ninan Cuyuchi died as well. The Empire immediately split, as Atahualpa ruled the northern part from Quito and his brother Huascar ruled the southern part from Cuzco. A bitter civil war ensued and raged until Huascar was captured by Atahualpa’s forces in 1532. Although Huascar had been captured, regional mistrust was still high and the population was clearly divided. Neither faction knew that a far greater menace was approaching from the coast. The Spanish Francisco Pizarro was a seasoned campaigner who had been inspired by Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s audacious (and lucrative) conquest of Mexico. In 1532, with a troop of 160 Spaniards, Pizarro set off along the western coast of South America in search of a similar empire to conquer and plunder. The troop included four of Pizarros brothers. Diego de Almagro was also involved  and would arrive with reinforcements after Atahualpas capture. The Spanish had an enormous advantage over the Andeans with their horses, armor, and weapons. They had some interpreters that had been previously captured from a trading vessel. Capture of Atahualpa The Spanish were immensely fortunate in that Atahualpa happened to be at Cajamarca, one of the closest major cities to the coast where they had disembarked. Atahualpa had just received word that Huascar had been captured and was celebrating with one of his armies. He had heard of the foreigners coming and felt that he had little to fear from fewer than 200 strangers. The Spanish hid their horsemen in the buildings around the main square at Cajamarca, and when the Inca arrived to converse with Pizarro, they rode out, slaughtering hundreds and capturing Atahualpa. No Spanish were killed. Ransom With Atahualpa held captive, the Empire was paralyzed. Atahualpa had excellent generals, but none dared try to free him. Atahualpa was very intelligent and soon learned of the Spanish love for gold and silver. He offered to fill a large room half full with gold  and full twice over with silver for his release. The Spanish quickly agreed and the gold began flowing in from all corners of the Andes. Most of it was in the form of priceless art and it was all melted down, resulting in an incalculable cultural loss. Some of the greedy conquistadors took to breaking up golden items so that the room would take longer to fill. Personal Life Before the arrival of the Spanish, Atahualpa had proven to be ruthless in his ascent to power. He ordered the death of his brother Huascar and several other family members who blocked his way to the throne. The Spanish who were Atahualpa’s captors for several months found him to be brave, intelligent, and witty. He accepted his imprisonment stoically and continued to rule his people while captive. He had small children in Quito by some of his concubines, and he was evidently quite attached to them. When the Spanish decided to execute Atahualpa, some were reluctant to do so because they had grown fond of him. Atahualpa and the Spanish Although Atahualpa may have been friendly with some individual Spaniards such as Francisco Pizarro’s brother Hernando, he wanted them out of his kingdom. He told his people not to attempt a rescue, believing that the Spanish would leave once they had received their ransom. As for the Spanish, they knew their prisoner was the only thing keeping one of Atahualpa’s armies from crashing down on them. Atahualpa had three important generals, each of whom commanded an army: Chalcuchima in Jauja, Quisquis in Cuzco, and Rumià ±ahui in Quito. Death General Chalcuchima allowed himself to be lured to Cajamarca and captured, but the other two remained threats to Pizarro and his men. In July 1533, they began hearing rumors that Rumià ±ahui was approaching with a mighty army, summoned by the captive Emperor to wipe out the intruders. Pizarro and his men panicked. Accusing Atahualpa of treachery they sentenced him to burn at the stake, although he was eventually garrotted. Atahualpa died on July 26, 1533, in Cajamarca. Rumià ±ahuis army never came: the rumors had been false. Legacy With Atahualpa dead, the Spanish quickly elevated his brother Tupac Huallpa to the throne. Although Tupac Huallpa soon died of smallpox, he was one of a string of puppet Incas who allowed the Spanish to control the nation. When Atahualpa’s nephew Tà ºpac Amaru was killed in 1572, the royal Inca line died with him, ending forever any hope for native rule in the Andes. The successful conquest of the Inca Empire by the Spanish was largely due to unbelievable luck and several key mistakes by the Andeans. Had the Spanish arrived a year or two later, the ambitious Atahualpa would have consolidated his power and may have taken the threat of the Spanish more seriously and not allowed himself to be captured so easily. The residual hatred by the people of Cuzco for Atahualpa after the civil war certainly played a part in his downfall as well. After Atahualpa’s death, some people back in Spain began asking uncomfortable questions about whether Pizarro had the right to invade Peru and capture Atahualpa, considering Atahualpa had never harmed him. These questions were eventually solved by declaring that Atahualpa, who was younger than his brother Huà ¡scar with whom he had been warring, had usurped the throne. Therefore, it was reasoned, he was fair game. This argument was very weak—the Inca did not care who was older, any son of Huayna Capac could have been king—but it sufficed. By 1572, there was a complete smear campaign in place against Atahualpa, who was called a cruel tyrant and worse. The Spanish, it was argued, had â€Å"saved† the Andean people from this â€Å"demon.† Atahualpa today is seen as a tragic figure, a victim of Spanish ruthlessness and duplicity. This is an accurate assessment of his life. The Spanish not only brought horses and guns to the fight, but they also brought insatiable greed and violence that were just as instrumental in their conquest. He is still remembered in parts of his old Empire, particularly in Quito, where you can take in a soccer game at the Atahualpa Olympic Stadium. Sources Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.